諾維喬克
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諾維喬克（俄文новичок，Novichok）是蘇聯(lián)在1970年代及1980年代開(kāi)發(fā)的一系列神經(jīng)毒劑[1]。據(jù)稱(chēng)有些衍生物的毒性可能是 VX (神經(jīng)毒劑)的五至八倍，但無(wú)法得到證實(shí)[2][3]。諾維喬克屬于蘇聯(lián)“Foliant”計(jì)劃中開(kāi)發(fā)的第四代化學(xué)武器[4]，最早的名稱(chēng)是K-84，后來(lái)更名為A-230。諾維喬克系列包括超過(guò)一百種不同結(jié)構(gòu)的變體[5]，其中最有軍事價(jià)值[來(lái)源請(qǐng)求]的是A-232（Novichok-5；[(2-chloro-1-methylethoxy)fluorohydroxy phosphinyl]oxy]carbonimidic chloride fluoride]；氟磷酸氟氯二取代亞甲胺基(2-氯)異丙基酯)，其次是A-230(Novichok-7；(2-chloroethoxy)fluorohydroxyphosphinyl]oxy] carbonimidic chloride fluoride；氟磷酸氟氯二取代亞甲胺基(2-氯)乙基酯)。
在1980年蘇聯(lián)化學(xué)家米爾査揚(yáng)諾夫在《國(guó)家的秘密:俄羅斯化學(xué)武器計(jì)劃內(nèi)部知情人士的記述》一書(shū)中公開(kāi)諾維喬克結(jié)構(gòu)。[來(lái)源請(qǐng)求]Steven L. Hoenig在《化學(xué)與生物戰(zhàn)劑手冊(cè)》第二版中亦列出了部分Novichok家族成員的分子結(jié)構(gòu)。
化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)
有二種有機(jī)磷制劑都被歸類(lèi)為諾維喬克毒劑。第一種是有dihaloformaldoxime基團(tuán)的有機(jī)磷化合物，其通式如下：其中的R 可以是烷基、烷氧基、烷氨基或氟，而X為鹵素（氟、氯、溴）或是像C≡N等擬鹵素。這些化合物被廣泛地記載在當(dāng)時(shí)的蘇聯(lián)文獻(xiàn)中，但不確定是否包括所有的諾維喬克毒劑[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13]。
Mirzayanov在自傳中有提到另一種結(jié)構(gòu)的諾維喬克諾維喬克毒劑，其結(jié)構(gòu)如下：他明確的制作了大量的化合物，許多毒性較低的衍生物也在公開(kāi)文獻(xiàn)中以新型有機(jī)磷殺蟲(chóng)劑的方式提及，因此秘密的化學(xué)武器研究可以偽裝為合法的農(nóng)藥研究[14]。
參考資料
- ↑ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 232-233.
- ↑ Vadim J. Birstein. The Perversion Of Knowledge: The True Story of Soviet Science. Westview Press (2004) ISBN 0-8133-4280-5
- ↑ Yevgenia Albats and Catherine A. Fitzpatrick. The State Within a State: The KGB and Its Hold on Russia — Past, Present, and Future, 1994. ISBN 0-374-18104-7 (see pages 325-328)
- ↑ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 231.
- ↑ Tucker, J. B.; War of Nerves; Anchor Books; New York; 2006; pp 233.
- ↑ Kruglyak Yu L, Malekin SI, Martynov IV. Phosphorylated oximes. XII. Reactions of 2-halophospholanes with dichlorofluoronitrosomethane. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1972; 42(4):811-14.
- ↑ Raevskii OA, Chapysheva NV, Ivanov AN, Sokolov VB, Martynov IV. Effect of Alkyl Substituents in Phosphorylated Oximes. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1987; 57(12):2720-2723
- ↑ Raevskii OA, Grigor'ev V Yu, Solov'ev VP, Ivanov AN, Sokolov VB, Martynov IV. Electron-Donor Functions of Ethyl Methylchloroformimino Methylphosphonate. Zhurnal Obshchei Khimii. 1987; 57(9):2073-2078
- ↑ Makhaeva GF, Filonenko IV, Yankovskaya VL, Fomicheva SB, Malygin VV. Comparative studies of O,O-dialkyl-O-chloromethylchloroformimino phosphates: interaction with neuropathy target esterase and acetylcholinesterase. Neurotoxicology. 1998 Aug-Oct;19(4-5):623-8. PMID 9745921
- ↑ Raevski? OA, Chistiakov VV, Agabekian RS, Sapegin AM, Zefirov NS. Formation of models of the interaction between organophosphate compound structure and their ability to inhibit cholinesterase. Bioorganicheskaia Khimiia. 1990 Nov;16(11):1509-22. PMID 2096825
- ↑ Ivanov IuIa, Sokolov VB, Epishina TA, Martynov IV. O-substituted alkylchloroformoximes as substrates and inhibitors of cholinesterases. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR. 1990;310(5):1253-5. PMID 2354654
- ↑ Malygin VV, Sokolov VB, Richardson RJ, Makhaeva GF. Quantitative structure-activity relationships predict the delayed neurotoxicity potential of a series of O-alkyl-O-methylchloroformimino phenylphosphonates. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A. 2003 Apr 11;66(7):611-25. PMID 12746136
- ↑ Steven L. Hoenig. Compendium of Chemical Warfare Agents. Springer New York, 2007. ISBN 978-0-387-34626-7
- ↑ Vil S Mirzayanov. State Secrets. An Insider's Chronicle of the Russian Chemical Weapons Program. (2009) pp142-145, 179-180. ISBN 978-1-4327-2566-2
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